![]() “Sounds from Mars have been something the public has long found fascinating and, as a result, that The Planetary Society has embraced and pursued,” said Bruce Betts, chief scientist for The Planetary Society. The Polar Lander crashed on the surface, but more attempts would follow. The first, which flew to Mars in 1999 aboard NASA’s Mars Polar Lander, was sponsored by The Planetary Society, and became the first crowdfunded science instrument to fly to another planet. "Even if only a few minutes of Martian sounds are recorded from this first experiment, the public interest will be high and the opportunity for scientific exploration real," Sagan wrote.Īt least 3 Mars missions prior to Perseverance have had microphones as part of their design. ![]() If all goes well, Perseverance’s microphones will fulfill the wishes of Planetary Society co-founder Carl Sagan, who wrote a letter to NASA in 1996 urging the space agency to send a microphone to Mars. One will listen as the rover plummets through the Martian atmosphere for landing, and another will record sounds as the rover does its scientific work in Jezero Crater-an ancient river delta where life may have flourished. NASA’s Perseverance rover, which is days away from blasting off on a mission to search for signs of past life and collect samples for future return to Earth, will have not one, but two microphones aboard. If you could stand on the surface of Mars, what would you hear? While 8 missions have returned stunning views from the surface of the Red Planet, none have returned any sound.
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![]() Since the recursive algorithm is doing the same calculation repeatedly it becomes slow when it does those recalculation so many times. The cost of the recursive implementation is borne by the mechanisms in the programming environment that supports function calls, which use the equivalent of a built-in pushdown stack.įibonacci Sequence - Recursive, Iterative, and Dynamic programmingīelow are the pictures showing what's happening when we use recursive algorithm. There are usually fewer local variables in a recursive routine than in an iterative routine. The iterative version has two local variables ( fact and i), whereas the recursive version has none. As we saw from the example, the recursive implementation of the factorial function obviates the need for local variables. We use recursion because it often allows us to express complex algorithms in a compact form, without sacrificing efficiency. ![]() Iterative solutions are usually more efficient than recursive solutions. Iterative algorithms are often quite easy to write, even for tasks that might appear to be fundamentally recursive. ![]() We often find nonrecursive alternatives that achieve the same final result through a different sequence of computations while the recursive formulation provides a structure within which we can seek more efficient alternatives. Structure in a recursive routine while a looping structure is the main control structure in an iterative routine.Īny problem that can be solved recursively can also be solved iteratively. A branching structure is the main control The iterative version always contains a loop, whereas the recursive version always containsĪ selection statement-either an "if" or a "switch". Many interesting algorithms are simply expressed with recursive programs, and many algorithm designers prefer to express methods recursively.Īre usually fewer local variables in a recursive routine than in an iterative routine. Return (simple computation without recursion) The typical recursive coding takes the following form: The other case, in which the routine calls itself to perform a subtask, is called as recursive case. So, at some point, the routine encounters a subtask that it can perform without calling itself. However, a recursive program cannot call itself always, or it would never stop. A recursive routine performs a task in part by calling itself to perform the subtasks. For instance, sort, search, and traversal problems often have simple recursive solutions. Recursion is useful for tasks that can be defined in terms of similar subtasks. Recursion, as a problem solving tool, can be so powerful that it sometimes seems almost magical, and using recursion makes it possible to write otherwise complicated programs in very simple and elegant way. ![]() However, learning how to use recursion is worth the effort. Because it is unfamiliar, learning how to use recursion can be tough, and reaching a certain level of understanding takes a considerable time and practices. Unlike repetitive/conditional cases, recursion is not a concept that comes up in daily life. The concept is quite simple and clear, however, understanding and applying recursion can be amazingly complex. Any routine that calls itself is recursive. Recursion is a deceptively simple concept. Actual print times will vary based on system configuration, software, and page complexity. † Black and color print speeds are measured in accordance with ISO/IEC 24734.
![]() It allows JRiver and JRemote to access the hardware volume control built in all exaSound DACs. Once you have JRiver configured for use with your exaSound DAC you can try the exaSound Volume Syncronizaton Plug-in. Note that the DAC display always shows 8ch with the exaSound ASIO (8ch) driver and 2ch with the exaSound ASIO (2ch) driver. The exaSound DAC's display should show the actual format and sampling rate of the source file. At this point you should be able to play PCM and DSD files at all sampling rates and resolutions. Scroll down the Options window and set Volume mode: System Volume.Ĭlick OK to close the Options window. Use gapless for sequential album tracksĩ.Switch tracks: Standard (gapped) - 0.5S.Play silence at startup for hardware synchronization - 1/4sec.From the right pane of the Options window adjust the following settings: From the right pane of the Options window open the Bitstreaming drop-down and select Custom.ħ. ![]() In the Channels drop-down select the proper speaker configuration.ĥ.This will ensure that all PCM files will be played in their native sample rate. In the Sample rate list set all frequencies from 44.1kHz to 384kHz to No change.This way PCM files will be streamed in PCM format and DSD files will be streamed in DSD format. Make adjustments as necessary to setup JRiver for your speakers configuration.įor bitperfect playback you need to adjust the following settings: In most cases you can accept the default settings. From the right pane of the Options window select DSP & Output Format. Make sure that DSD bitstream in DoP format is unchecked and click OK.Ĥ. For most applications Channel offset should be 0 and Channel swap should be None. From the right pane of the Options window select Device Settings. One can go to Audio - DSP - Convolution and. JRiver Media Center has a very manual way of configuring it to use the convolution wave files ( see here ). Example: write 'filter' and it will create 'filter-44k.wav'. If you are using a multichannel DAC select exaSound ASIO (8ch).ģ. When saving, select a filename, and REW is going to create the wave file and append a suffix to the name with the sampling rate. Open the first drop-down in the right pane and select exaSound ASIO (2ch). From the left pane of the Options window select Audio. Select Tools -> Options from the application's menu.Ģ. Before you continue, make sure that JRiver Media Center is installed and you can play music using the default Windows sound card and the PC speakers.ġ. If you haven't done so, please follow the driver installation instructions from the Owner's Manual for your exaSound DAC.ĭownload JRiver Media Center from the official company’s website. ![]() The first step required for the Windows setup process is to download and install the exaSound ASIO drivers. JRiver Media Center supports most lossless formats, including APE, FLAC, Windows Media Lossless, Apple Lossless, DFF and DSF.įollow these instructions to install and configure J River Media Center for Windows for use with exaSound DACs: All data paths within the program are 64 bit. It offers a world-class engine for audiophile playback. JRiver Media Center is a "jukebox"- style media player that allows users to play and organize various types of media. Typical tyre pressure - 32 PSI (2.2 / 2 bar). H - the maximum allowable vehicle speed of 210 km/h.95 - the maximum allowable amount of weight the tire can carry 690 kg. ![]() The load index is a two or three-digit number, the speed index is indicated by Latin letters, e.g. In addition, information about its carrying capacity and speed parameters - load index and speed index - can be applied to rubber. 60 - profile height in percentage of its width.Vehicle tyre markings 215/60 R16 are deciphered as follows: The Honda Odyssey RB1/RB2 2006 2.4i (DBA-RB1) is fitted with 6.5Jx16 ET55 rims with tires 215/60 R16 95H as standard. Typical tyre pressure - 35 PSI (2.4 / 2.3 bar). The Honda Odyssey RB1/RB2 2006 2.4i (ABA-RB2) is fitted with 7Jx17 ET55 rims with tires 215/55 R17 93V as standard. Typical tyre pressure - 34 PSI (2.3 / 2.2 bar). Thus, all discs are mounted on five bolts and the distance between them is exactly one hundred fourteen point and 30 hundredths millimeters. ![]() In this case, the bolt pattern is the same for all types of wheels - 5x114.3.
Onion, bell peppers, celery, garlic, and ginger are some commonly used aromatics and should be activated before use. ![]() Don’t add tender vegetables like baby spinach, peas, mushrooms, or corn until the last 5-10 minutes of cooking time.Īctivate the aromatics. Be sure to cut all the larger vegetables, such as beets, potatoes, broccoli, onions, turnips, and carrots, about the same size. However, it is completely ok to add raw chicken and vegetables to the same crock pot to cook. Normally you want to keep raw chicken and vegetables separate. This will also ensure that your chicken turns out moist, juicy, and delicious.Īdding veggies. Most recipes will call for some liquid (usually water or chicken broth) to be added to help create steam during the cooking process. For the best cook, it should be about ½ to ¾ full. Most crockpot meals are designed to be cooked in a 5-6 qt pot. Also, don’t add the fresh herbs until the last 30 minutes of the crock pot cooking time.ĭon’t overfill. Keep in mind that 1 tablespoon of fresh herbs = 1 teaspoon of dried herbs. This often includes dairy-based ingredients such as cream cheese, tender vegetables, precooked pasta or rice, and fresh herbs.įresh herbs add a lot of bright flavor to a soup. Be sure to take note if there are any ingredients that should be saved to add at the end. Whip up your perfect crockpot meals using these general tips.Įnd of cook-time ingredients. If you remove the lid to peek, taste, or stir, you will lose heat and need to add about 20 minutes to the cooking time. One is not better than the other, it just depends on how much time you have. The LOW setting is about 200☏ and the HIGH setting is about 300☏. I’ve noticed that, in general, cooking on LOW heat takes about twice as long as HIGH heat. Just turn to the setting you want to use, add the lid, and let it heat for about 20 minutes before adding the food.Ĭook times. Though this isn’t necessary it does allow the pot to immediately start heating the food as opposed to letting the food sit in a cold pot waiting for it to heat up.
![]() An S-band transponder enabled the Agena to receive ground command sequences (image motion compensation, altered attitude, etc.), which could be stored for later execution. The main source of the Agena's electrical power was silver peroxide-zinc batteries, which from the early 1960s on were supplemented by solar arrays. Īs the Agena was designed to hold a fixed orientation in space while orbiting Earth, a passive thermal control system was devised. This enabled the Agena to accommodate the higher pointing stability required for better ground resolution imaging with the improved Corona cameras. Pitch and roll gyro errors were corrected from the horizon sensors, which were later supplemented by Sun and star trackers. ![]() A rate gyro unit determined yaw error by sensing orbital rate. Pitch and roll were sensed by two hermetic integrating gyro units. Īttitude control of the horizontal flying Agena was provided by an inertial reference package with three gyroscopes, two horizon sensors, and micro-jets using a nitrogen-freon mixture of cold gas. Until 1959, the Agena was also known as the Discoverer Vehicle or Bell Hustler. The engine was derived from the XLR-81 propulsion unit for the canceled rocket-propelled nuclear warhead pod of the Convair B-58 Hustler bomber. The parabolic shape of the chamber throat made for a difficult gun-drilling problem, which Bell Aerosystems engineers solved by arranging the cooling channels in a "One-Sheeted Circular Hyperboloid" shape, allowing machinists to gun-drill straight cooling channels through the curved surfaces of the combustion chamber. The regeneratively-cooled channels that cooled the throat and nozzle were formed from straight gun drill formed channels. The engine was notable for its unusual aluminum construction. This rocket engine could be restarted multiple times in orbit, by radio command, and it frequently was. This is a hypergolic fuel/oxidizer combination, and as such, it does not need an ignition system. The Agena was 5.0 feet (1.5 m) in diameter, three-axis stabilized (for the benefit of the reconnaissance system cameras) and its Bell Aircraft XLR81 engine produced 16,000 lbs (71 kN) of thrust using unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) as the fuel, and inhibited red fuming nitric acid (IRFNA) as the oxidizer. In all, 365 Agena vehicles were launched by NASA and the US Air Force. The final launch was of an Agena D on February 12, 1987, configured as the upper stage of a Titan 34B. ![]() This followed Lockheed's tradition of naming products for stellar phenomena. The Agena name was suggested by the Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects Agency for the star Beta Centauri, also known as Agena, because this upper stage would "ignite in the sky". The Agena was upgraded twice from the original Agena A in order to support heavier and more sophisticated satellites, such as Corona spacecraft with multiple and more powerful cameras. On missions where the payload was not built into the Agena, and instead separated after launch, the Agena was known as an Ascent Agena. Payload components were usually located ahead of the Agena's standard bulkhead. On some missions, the payload was built directly into the Agena, which provided it with electric power, communications and three-axis stabilization. Only 33 Agenas carried NASA payloads and the vast majority were for DoD programs. A total of 365 Agena rockets were launched between Febru and February 1987. It was used as an upper stage on the Atlas, Thor, Thorad and Titan IIIB rockets, and considered for others including the Space Shuttle and Atlas V. Following the split-up of WS-117L into SAMOS and Corona for image intelligence, and MIDAS for early warning, the Agena was later used as an upper stage, and an integrated component, for several programs, including Corona reconnaissance satellites and the Agena Target Vehicle used to demonstrate rendezvous and docking during Project Gemini. The RM-81 Agena (ədʒiːnə) was an American rocket upper stage and satellite bus which was developed by Lockheed Corporation initially for the canceled WS-117L reconnaissance satellite program. ![]() Individual hex keys: L bend with ball end to get into funky places: 2, 2. Why to have only one small integrated tyre level when most of the times you need 2 or 3 of them with enough leverage power to fit a tyre. Blackburn Wayside Multi-Tool, 35.00, Performance Bike. PRO BIKE TOOL 6 in 1 Y Wrench - 6 Interchangeable Bits - Allen Hex, T25, PH2 Screwdriver - Strong, Easy, Comfortable Bicycle Multitool Kit - Cycling Maintenance Tools for Road and Mountain Bikes. Why to use a tool with open wrench when most modern bikes has no hexagonal nut at all. Top Picks Related Reviews Newsletter 1 SAVADECK Carbon Road Bike, Warwinds3. Some of the latest bikes do not even have any screw whith Philips or Flat head. ![]() Why to use a tool with Torx® wrenches when your bike has no Torx screw. A tool that it is easy to add a new feature when you buy a new part or to abolish a feature that you do not need any more. A tool which has all the important functions that you need to service the bike which you ride this specific time. It is important not only to have a good quallity tool with many functions but also a tool which is easy to use. I have used many different moulti tools and I have finally decided which is the best tool to carry on the ride. Sometimes my tools was insufficient to repair a mechanical problem and sometimes altough I had a tool it was very difficlt to use it. Do you feel that your new super fancy multi tool with the numerous functions has some useless for your bike tools or that something is missing?Īfter so many years of mountain and road cycling hundends of damages has happened to me and my teammates. Have you ever wonder if there is a bike toll which has all the essential features that you need for your bike. Mountain (7) Road (5) Active (1) Gender Female (1) Male (1) Experience Kids (4) Recreation (4) Turbo E-Bike (2) Product Family SWAT (4. ![]() DisplayPort does just that, extending PCIe to the display. PCI Express is an excellent high-speed serial bus, so it makes sense to use that as the basis for everything in the communication layer of the PC. It might have taken many years to shift the PC world from analogue VGA outputs to digital DVI - despite its limitations on resolution and single connection - but things are looking brighter.ĭisplayPort and Thunderbolt can provide daisy-chained multi-monitor capabilities, along with interoperability between the two, Thunderbolt, DisplayPort and PCIe are all interrelated in a natural, evolutionary way. Looking to the future, we're hoping it will become even easier to give systems multi-monitor capabilities. These features are on top of what Windows offers already, and do a fine job of handling as many monitors as you can throw at them. Going beyond three screens, the AMD Eyefinity system helps make multiple displays 'invisible' to applications by enabling you to group multiple monitors into a seemingly single display. The support of Nvidia and AMD is vital, and provides reassurance that multi-monitor setups can be made to work well. With a total screen resolution of 5,760 x 1,080, you can imagine why you'll need a high-end card to make the most of those IMAX-like displays. Part of the drive here is that both manufacturers are pushing triple-screen gaming as a key use for their high-end gaming cards. Nvidia and AMD provide tools within their display drivers to help correct for the displays' bezels, which helps reduce the jarring effect of moving between displays. That's besides trying to physically align multiple bulky displays next to each other. The problem with multiple monitors is that often you're asking applications to work in an environment they were never designed for, and aren't expecting. The integrated GPU was disabled automatically, but let a system support up to four displays once activated. All of this is on top of PCI Express's ability to support multiple graphics cards, even from a 1x lane connector.ĭon't become obsessed with add-in cards though - integrated graphics on recent motherboard chipsets will happily work alongside these.īack in 2007, the AMD 690/780 chipsets that offered SurroundView often had to be enabled within the BIOS. Interestingly AMD also offers the rather rarer Radeon HD 5870 Eyefinity 6, which has six physical DisplayPort outputs. The latest high-end Nvidia 500 series and AMD 7/6000 range can drive four physical connections. The majority of cards still provide three, usually via DVI and either a DisplayPort or HDMI output. These days life is easier, as the DAC element can be dumped and replaced with TMDS, which handles the job of encoding the digital display data into a robust digital serial signal fit for shooting along cheap DVI and HDMI cables.ĭespite the size of DVI connectors, the switch from analogue to digital has enabled card manufacturers to gradually increase the number of video outputs on a single card from two up to six. Those were happy days - a RAMDAC generated the analogue VGA output, and multiple monitors could be supported by adding more. Now you know where the monitors will go, how will you connect them? Once upon a time, graphics cards could only drive a single display. The first step in designing a van electrical system is calculating how much power you will need to run your off-grid life. We need to take a few theory steps before you can jump into the fun part of connecting all the equipment. What Size Batteries Do you Need For Van Life? The price you pay remains the same with or without the affiliate link. This post contains affiliate links, which means that if you click a product link and buy anything from the merchant, we will receive a commission. ![]() Recharging Whilst Driving (Alternator Power)ĬOMPLETE MOBILE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM MATERIALS LISTSĭOWNLOAD YOUR STEP BY STEP BUILD TUTORIAL Portable Power Stations For Weekend Warriors Now let’s look at the required equipment.Ĭhoosing The Best Battery For Vehicle Dwelling This guide is a vital time-saving resource and will help a great deal in providing you with the knowledge required and the confidence to build your own electrical system. In addition to this article, we’ve put together a Complete Guide to Vehicle Off-Grid Electrical Systems to help you succeed at building your Off-Grid System! The guide also includes a Full Universal Wiring Diagram and a Step-by-Step Tutorial. That said, with care and the correct approach, previously inexperienced people can carry out installations. We’ve included an interactive universal wiring diagram and materials list so you can see exactly what is involved in building the system.īuilding a vehicle electrical system for an off-grid living can be dangerous! It is essentialthat you thoroughly research and prepare sufficiently to build a safe and reliable system. This article focuses on the equipment that is needed to build an off-grid electrical system for van life. ![]() In this post, we’re sharing how we built our Van Life electrical system to ensure that we could live and work off-grid full time in our campervan as we drive around the world, and how you can do it too. Building a mobile Off-Grid Electrical system for a van, truck, or motorhome is one of the most exciting and challenging parts of any vehicle conversion project. |
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